‘Lady of the Realm’ by Hoa Phan

2017, 95 p.

For a book that is riven through with violence, this was a very peaceful and meditative book. Told by an elderly Buddhist nun, Liên, it covers the years 1962-2009 in six chapters, most of which are headed by a epigraph from Buddhist monk and peace activist, Thích Nhất Hạnh. The book starts in 1962 in a South Vietnamese fishing village, where Liên, the granddaughter of the keeper of the shrine to Quan Ám known as ‘The Lady of the Realm’ has a nightmare about her village being ransacked and her loved ones killed. The next day, refugees arrive from a neighbouring village telling of an attack by the Viet Minh, and some time later the Viet Minh arrive at Liên’s village, murdering the men, and raping and kidnapping the women and children. Liên and her family escape into the forest.

The second chapter sees her in Saigon in 1964 at the School of Youth and Social Service, founded by Buddhist monk Thích Nhất Hạnh. She joins as a volunteer working amongst people displaced and impoverished by the American War and meets her mentor, Buddhist nun Hu’o’ng, who warns her against anger at the Viet Minh. Hu’o’ng’s commitment to peace and Buddhism comes with a heavy price.

Chapter 3 in set in South Vietnam in 1980, after the Communist victory. Buddhist monks and nuns are treated with suspicion and a state Buddhist church is established, under government control. Liên joins the flood of displaced people moving towards Ho Chi Minh city passing close to her village. Her grandmother now dead, she finds another old woman in her village, Binh, who deals with seeming impunity in the black market and people smuggling.

In the fourth chapter, set in 1991, she encounters her childhood friend Tai, who is able to tell her what happened in the village after she escaped with her family. When a new Communist cadre arrives, barking orders at the villagers, Tai seeks passage on a people-smuggling boat, and asks Liên to go with him. She refuses.

Next chapter takes us to 2007, where she joins Thích Nhất Hạnh’s Prajna Monastery, where she feels that she has come home. The final chapter, set in the monastery in 2009 sees the monastery surrounded by paid mobs who desecrate the temples and expel the monks and nuns. Under increasing repression, she finally decides to flee to Thailand, as an old woman, taking the peace of the temple and Thích Nhất Hạnh’s teachings with her.

Such an eventful life is told calmly, with a sense of detachment. It gives a completely different perspective on the Vietnam (or American) war and is a challenge to quick assumptions about people-smugglers.

My rating: 8/10

Read because: Sue from Whispering Gums reviewed it in 2017 and wrote about it in another context recently, and linked to Lisa from ANZLitLover’s site. They both read it years ago, when it was first published. I might not have been as interested then, but I am now. I’m still listening to Lachlan Peter’s podcast ‘In the Shadow of Utopia’ which is slowly making its way towards the Vietnam War, and this all seems very real to me.

Sourced from: Kobo Plus subscription

Movie: Anora

Sort of Pretty Woman goes bad, but I think I’m too old for this movie. Grubby lives, grubby people- and this is supposed to be a comedy??? Certainly, there were no laughs from the sparse audience of people in the cinema who were a similar age to me. This won the Palme D’Or???

A nominee at the Golden Globes? Talk of an Oscar? Sheesh.

I hear with my little ear: Podcasts 16-23 December 2024

Dan Snow’s History Hit The Syrian Civil War: How it Started The recent events in Syria have seen the overthrow of the Assad regime, but in many ways Assad came to dominate because of the preceding civil war that brought his father to power. This episode with Shashank Joshi, the Defence Editor for The Economist traces through the history of Syria from WWI onwards, and the consequences of the French promoting the interests of the Alawite minority- a typical colonial-power strategy. I wish The Economist wasn’t so damned expensive: it has some interesting features.

The Coming Storm Season 2 Episode 2 Flight 007 My husband was listening to this in the car with me, and he disliked the way that Gabriel Gatehouse does not challenge the conspiracies being promulgated in these episodes. I don’t agree: I think that it’s perfectly clear that he is incredulous at some of what he is hearing. In this episode Flight 007 he discusses the conspiracy theories surrounding the Federal Reserve in America, right from its formation among bankers in 1913. He focuses on the John Birch Society and one of its leaders the Democratic Party Congressman Larry McDonald, who was killed when Flight 007 was shot down by the Soviets in 1983. A staunch conservative and anti-communist, and far more aligned to the old Southern Democrat politics rather than the modern Democrat party, McDonald’s death has fuelled further distrust of the three-letter agencies in America: a distrust that Trump has capitalized on.

In the Shadows of Utopia Episode 14: The End of French Indo-China Another long episode, with a lot in it, covering the period December 1953 – July 1955. By this time the Khmer Viet Minh controlled about 1/3 of Cambodia, but not in a clearly defined area. What mattered more was what was happening over the Vietnamese border where the Viet Cong defeated the French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. This battle came eight years into the war, with the French already exhausted from WW2. It took place in a valley, with the French troops dropped by air into a clearing surrounded by jungle in the middle of a Viet Minh controlled area. The Viet Minh had brought in artillery under camouflage, with Chinese and Soviet support that had been freed up after the Korean War. It was a brutal battle with a very high death rate on both sides, and when it became trench warfare, it was likened to Verdun (in WWI). Both sides suffered from jungle sickness, and amongst the Vietnamese troops PTSD and fear was seen as being ‘rightist’, a marker of the ideological language that was used to describe behaviour. The battle was important, but even before then, there was strong international pressure for a diplomatic solution. This culminated in the Geneva Convention, where the four main powers (UK, US, France and USSR) were represented, along with China, Laos, Cambodia and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Omitted were the Khmer Viet Minh and Issarak. It was decided to divide Vietnam into North and South Vietnam, with Cambodia and Laos to be neutral and independent, with representative governments. So by the end of July, the first Indo China War was over, and a 300 day period was set aside for people to shift from one region to another, depending on their political affiliation. In Cambodia, Sihanouk was pleased with Geneva Accords, which put an end to Vietnamese and French interference and which left the Khmer Communists very unhappy. Some Khmer Communists went back to Vietnam or French, others stayed undercover, while others remained politically involved as an outward mask for their continued secret Communist activity. However, Sihanouk wasn’t so pleased with the “representative government” part of the Accords, because the Democratic Party was likely to win.First he held a very dodgy referendum to remind Cambodians of what he claimed as his role in gaining independence, then he abdicated as King in favour of his father (who would be no threat to him) and engaged himself in the elections in his own right. He formed a ‘movement’ based on personal loyalty to him, uniting centrists, elites and the ‘little people’ who felt aggrieved (sounds rather Trumpian to me). The elections were nasty, he suppressed the media, threatened assassination and jailed opponents. As a result his Sangkum Party won all the seats. Sihanouk played all sides: he proclaimed neutrality and to reject US overtures but accepted their money quite happily and he allowed the North Vietnamse communists to act clandestinely in Cambodia as a way of sidelining the Khmer communists.

‘The Little Wartime Library’ by Kate Thompson

2022, 470 p.

‘Don’t judge a book by its cover’ they say, but they’re wrong. In these days of careful targeting and marketing, publishers know exactly who they are aiming at. Had this not been a bookgroup read, I would have run a mile, and I’d be all the better for it. At 470 albeit largish-print pages, I complained the whole way through reading this book about its tweeness, its mawkishness and its outright bad writing.

Clara is a young widow living and working in London during WW2. She works, despite the disapproval of her mother and her deceased husband Duncan’s mother, in a temporary library established during the Blitz in the Bethnal Green tube station. This station was the site of a dreadful incident in 1943 when 173 people who (incorrectly) thought they were fleeing an air-raid were crushed in the stairwell leading to the station. The Bethnal Green library in the East End had been bombed, and so a library was established in the disused Tube station. Here she needs to battle her sexist and bombastic boss Mr Pinkerton-Smythe, who disapproves of the availability of romance literature on the shelves, especially amongst working-class people who didn’t deserve library services anyway. She meets a conscientious objector, Billy, who is working as an ambulance driver, although he is sending conflicting messages. Her good-time-gal friend Ruby lives with her mother and violent stepfather Victor, trying to encourage her mother to escape. She is guilt-stricken by the death of her sister in the stairway crush, and looks to alcohol and her work as a way of escaping, too.

The characters are one-dimensional stereotypes, with the ‘goodies’ very very good and the ‘baddies’ very very bad.

Thompson pushes a strong pro-library line (not that there’s anything wrong with that) in this book and the interminable end-chapters and she relishes littering her text with the names of popular books at the time, hoping to appeal perhaps on her own readers’ love of classic 1940s texts and children’s books.

For me, it’s always a red-light when an author has to put pages and pages of acknowledgements and thanks. Four pages of thanks seems particularly excessive. This seemed like The Book That Would Never End with an Author’s Note, a historical note about the true story of the Bethnal Green library and the fight to save it, yet another author’s note about libraries, a select bibliography and her four pages of acknowledgements.

The book is predictable and “emotional and uplifting” as the blurb says, although the only emotion I felt was frustration at wasting good reading time on this bilge. Normally I don’t write such snarky reviews as this one, but I suppose that she has had enough Women’s Weekly Good Read- type sales that my negative review will make no difference at all.

My rating: 3/10

Sourced from: CAE bookgroups. I would never have read it otherwise.

I hear with my little ear: Podcasts 8-15 December 2024

The Coming Storm. This is the new season of The Coming Storm which continues on the rise of conspiracy thinking in America. After a very long introduction Episode 1 The Yogi tells the story of Allan Hostetter, an ex-policeman and former yoga teacher who seemed to be set off by COVID regulations and went further and further down the conspiracy theory rabbit hole. No doubt, he welcomes Trump’s victory and the prospect of release.

Dan Snow’s History Hit Henry VIII’s Tudor Christmas Dan Snow is doing a series on The Origins of Christmas at different times in mainly British history. Here he wanders around Hampton Court with Historic Royal Palaces chief curator Tracy Borman, going from room to room and imagining Christmas being celebrated there during Henry’s time. As they point out, the nature of the Tudor Christmas changed over time, especially as Henry aged and couldn’t be bothered with it all. The Tudor Christmas didn’t put particular emphasis on 25 December: instead, it was a 12 day festival with two large meals every day served up to over 1000 people. It was also a predominantly religious festival too, with Henry attending chapel twice a day, and later Elizabeth spent the whole of Christmas Day in prayer.

‘Unorthodox’ by Deborah Feldman

2020 (originally 2014) 256 p.

I recently watched the Netflix series based on this book, and instantly wanted to read the memoir on which it was based. My curiosity was piqued by a comment in the ‘Making of’ documentary, also on Netflix, that they had changed the modern day part in the television series because the author is still a young living, working, active writer in Germany, and they didn’t want the series to affect her present-day life. When I was about 7/8 of the way through the book, and she was still in New York, I realized that the book and the series were quite different.

Deborah Feldman was raised by her grandparents in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Her family was part of the Satmar sect of Hasidic Judaism, a sect with Hungarian roots that had been very much shaped by the Holocaust. Believing that God had allowed the Holocaust as punishment for assimilation and Zionism, the group embraced extreme conservatism in custom, dress and language, speaking only Yiddish. Her father, who was largely estranged from his daughter, seemed rather intellectually and socially challenged, and her mother had deserted the sect while Deborah was small. Although her aunts, particularly Aunt Chaya, have an influence on her upbringing and prospects, it is actually her grandmother Bubby and grandfather Zeidy, who bring her up in a loving but strict environment, where family and religion are paramount. Being brought up by elderly grandparents gives her freedoms that she would not have had in a family of siblings: she is well-educated for a Satmar girl, and she becomes an inveterate reader. As she approaches womanhood, the family orchestrates her arranged-marriage to Eli, a man equally in thrall to his own family and religion. Although Eli is in many ways more liberal than some other men, he can veer between domination and permissiveness, and when they cannot consummate their marriage, they are both under pressure from each other and their families.

There are some important differences between the book and the television series. In the book, her liberation comes not through music but through surreptitiously attending higher education, and it occurs in America, not in Germany. She leaves after she has her child, not before; indeed it is her desire to protect her son from the misogyny and strictures of Hasidic Judaism that impels her to leave her husband who, initially at least, seems just as happy to have the marriage fail as she is. She is largely silent about the custody arrangements for their son, Yitzy.

The memoir (i.e. book) was written in 2012, when she was still in the midst of act of leaving. The entire memoir is written in the present tense, but the present becomes closer and closer. As a result, the pacing of the book moves from fairly slow reflection and narrative, to a present-day rush of emotion. Because it is a memoir, the narrative is shaped completely by her viewpoint and her own flaws and strengths. (An interesting critical review of the book by another Satmar woman who also left the community can be found here.) Is it a well-written memoir? Possibly not: there is no overarching theme, beyond that of grievance and longing for freedom, perhaps. For a memoir, it has a lot of dialogue which tips it into some other genre.

Nonetheless, I found this memoir fascinating, and hard to put down. Part of that stems from my curiosity about Hasidic Judaism, particularly within enclaves like in Williamsburg. (There’s an interesting photo-essay about Williamsburg here). Yes, I have borrowed her sequel as well, a recent retelling of her 2014 follow-up Exodus.

My rating: 8/10

Sourced from: Yarra Plenty Regional Library

Read because: I enjoyed the Netflix series.

I hear with my little ear: Podcasts 1-7 December 2024

The Documentary (BBC) The Global Jigsaw: The rebels who retook Aleppo I listened to this as the Assad regime fell in Syria, but the program was actually first broadcast in 2023. It looks at Hayat Tahrir al Sham (HTS), led by Abu Mohammed al Jawlani (although I note that this is his ‘nom de guerre’ and he’s now going by Ahmed al-Sharaa. In 2023 when this was recorded, there was scepticism about his transformation from islamic terrorist to the leader of the ‘Salvation Government’ that he was leading in Idlib province. This government allowed in aid, re-opened schools, shops and churches, and as leader he wanted to appear statesmanlike, trimming his beard and wearing casual clothes, moving around openly in Idlib. Like many, I have been appalled by the repression of the Assad government that is now being fully revealed. Let’s hope that Syria has a better future.

The Rest is History Episode 455 Fall of the Sioux: The Ghost Dance (Part 2) This is all so sad and has so many resonances with Australian Aboriginal history. From their webpage “Following the tragic death of Crazy Horse and the ruthless cessation of the Sioux way of life, the last of the great Native American leaders were gradually picked off or repressed by the U.S. Government. Few though had so pitiful a fate as the once mighty Lakota War Chieftain, Sitting Bull. Having fled to Canada in search of peace from the relentless harrowing of his people, Sitting Bull finally returned and arrived at the Standing Rock Reservation in 1883. He was unprepared, however, for the changes wrought upon his people. With the explosion of railroads and the decimation of the already flailing buffalo populations, the Great Plains had been transformed into a desolate, barbed wasteland. While, the Native Americans within the reservations were increasingly coerced into Christianity by missionaries, or controlled by Federal agents. Then, news reached Sitting Bull and his people of a messianic figure from beyond the Rocky Mountains, who would come to liberate them from their plight. With him he brought the answer to their troubles: the Ghost Dance. Would it see the drums of war sound once more?” When Sitting Bull returned to Standing Rock, everything had changed. He joined the Buffalo Bill tour, and the restaging of Custer’s last Battle. Then we have the ‘second coming’ narrative of spiritual leader Wovoka, whose Ghost Dance, if performed properly would reunite the living with spirits of the dead, bring the spirits to fight on their behalf, ending Westward expansion and bring peace and prosperity. This is not going to end well.

History Extra A Victorian Cult: Inside the Strange World of the Agapemone I tend to think of cults today as being an American phenomenon, but especially during the 19th century, Britain had its fair share too. The Agapemone (originally called the Princites), named for Henry James Prince, who believed that he had a direct line of communication with the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit told him to establish himself in Somerset, in a house purchased from the ‘donations’ of his wealthy, mainly female followers in 1856. Those who could not afford to donate their money donated their labour instead, working in the kitchen. There they were to wait for the second coming, and as they were already saved, then they weren’t going to die- which became a bit embarrassing when they DID start dying off- but no matter, because John Hugh Smyth-Pigott quickly took his place, as cult leaders tend to do. The commune limped on until the 1960s when it had become a type of old-people’s home. The episode features Stuart Flinders, the author of A Very British Cult: Rogue Priests and the Abode of Love (Icon Books, 2024).

My Brilliant Career The Musical

We went to see this just before Christmas. It was wonderful. Such talented actors: singing, dancing AND playing instruments. Even a cellist, walking around with his cello strapped to his front like a low slung piano accordian. Strong Australian accents, strong Australian story: I felt so proud.

‘A Diamond in the Dust’ by Frauke Bolten-Boshammer

2018, 400 p.

SPOILER ALERT

Is it wrong to judge a book by a cover? Sometimes, but bear in mind that the publisher chooses a cover that will attract what they perceive to be the audience. I don’t think that I’m this audience. As soon as I saw the picture of the woman in the Akubra hat against a background of the Australian outback, I thought of all those rural romances and inspirational biographies (Sara Henderson et al) that I avoid like the plague.

German-born Frauke Bolten was a reluctant migrant to Australia. She arrived at a small outback airstrip in blistering heat at Kununurra in northern Western Australia with her children, her husband Friedrich having purchased a property on the Ord River Scheme without even discussing it with her. As a woman of faith who believed in her wedding vow to “obey”, she negotiated a two-year trial of living there with her husband (which turned out to be forty years) and the company of a nanny to assist with the children. She and her husband had previously farmed in Rhodesia, before returning to Germany to establish a farm and family which she thought would establish them back home forever. This new endeavour in Western Australia, grudgingly undertaken on her part, threw up many challenges at first, largely through her husband’s pigheadedness and ill-advised innovation, then as the children left home for boarding school in the city and the financial problems mounted, Friedrich’s depression increased.

And then her husband committed suicide. Shocked and heartbroken, she found herself resisting the assumption by the families ‘back home’ that she would of course return home: the widow, the daughter, the daughter-in-law forever. Her children did not want to return to Germany either, and so they stayed. She remarried Robert Robert Boshammer, ten years her junior and of similar German heritage. From a small-scale backyard tourist venture she started selling diamonds from the nearby Argyle Diamond mine, gradually increasing the business to a large tourist enterprise in the town. Further tragedy was to come, with her son Peter committing suicide too, and the suicide of Doris, who managed the shop for her. As her children married and went on to have children, Frauke herself had to confront cancer.

The book is co-written with journalist Sue Smethurst, and I found myself wondering what Smethurst added to the book because the prose itself is very clichéd and pedestrian. Perhaps her assistance came in negotiating the narration of the suicides, a subject that needs to be treated carefully.

This is Bolten-Boshammer’s story, but it a very blinkered and shallow one. Both in Rhodesia and Kununurra, she lived in a German-centred community, seemingly oblivious to the social and political environment in which she was living. There is not a word of the bubbling tension that will emerge with independent Zimbabwe, or the edgy relationship in Kununarra between its large indigenous population and its white community, attracted by the technological hubris of the Ord River Scheme. It felt a bit like reading of the British ex-pats in Happy Valley in Kenya, with their own self-contained world that tried to re-create ‘home’ in a starkly different environment that existed in a bubble, completely independent of the country around them. Their Christmas customs, the gap year holidays back in Germany for her children where they clearly had enough German language to communicate with their family, the values she drew from her religion and from her culture- these are all German.

The writing itself was flat and banal. It felt like a series of photocopied Christmas letters, with their forced jollity, catching up with the children’s latest ventures, the marriages, the grandchildren, the celebrations. I know that English is Frauke’s second language, but there’s no idiosyncrasy of phrase here: it’s just turgid sludge.

I complained the whole way through.

My rating: 4/10

Read because: It was an Ivanhoe Reading Circle selection. I am really surprised that this book was on the program because the books are usually of much better quality than this. The presenter for the night did a wonderful job in extracting the few good points about it.

Sourced from: purchased e-book. Thank God I didn’t spend the money on trying to track down a hard copy.

I hear with my little ear: Podcasts 24-30 November 2024

History Hit. The Clinton Body Count to the QAnon Shaman: Conspiracy Theories in American Politics Gabriel Gatehouse, from the BBC, has a second series of The Coming Storm, which I listened to back in 2022. This episode is a bit of a rehash of the first series, which focussed on the conspiracies swirling around the Clintons, but brought up to the January 6 riot and its fall-out. He says that now conspiracies revolve more around “hidden actors”, which has an element of truth to it (says she, frustrated by the influence of lobbyists and miners on Australian politics).

The Rest is History. Episode 454 Fall of the Sioux: Death of Crazy Horse (Part 1) From their own summary: “Though the Battle of the Little Bighorn seemed for the triumphant Lakota and their allies – the largest gathering of Plains Indians ever assembled – a miraculous victory, it was for them the beginning of the end. A great council was held near the battlefield in which they made the fateful decision to split up. Meanwhile, in Washington, Custer’s death and the military defeat of the army was being politicised, and the public rallied against the Lakota. Red Cloud, their political leader through so many of their struggles, was replaced with a puppet interloper. Then, during the winter of 1877, a contingent of ruthless and fiercely effective U.S. officers, including General Crook and General Miles, chased and harried the retreating Sioux contingents through the snows, leaving them starving, beleaguered and desperate. At last, in March 1877 the once formidable war chiefs Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull found themselves cornered, and their people left with little choice but to admit defeat. What then would be their fate?Dominic and Tom … discuss the annihilation of the Plains Indians and the dissolution of their extraordinary culture and nomadic way of life, along with the tragic death and downfall of one of the most mesmerising and mysterious characters of the entire story: Crazy Horse. “

We Live Here Now (The Atlantic) Thank you for Calling President Trump The presence of their neighbours from the ‘Eagles Nest’ at the vigils outside the Washington DC jail attracted the attention of politicians, most particularly Sebastian Gorka, who took up the cause of Ashli Babbitt with enthusiasm. As part of the vigil, people would telephone in, and these calls were often broadcast out loud. President (at this stage ex-president) called in as well.

I Bet It’s a January 6 case There were over 1500 arrests after January 6, and in a small jurisdiction like Washington DC, many locals were called up for jury duty in January 6 cases. And so, Lauren gets the call up and she is part of the jury that convicts Taylor Johnatakis for obstruction of an official proceeding; civil disorder’ and assaulting, resisting, or impeding certain officer and a handful of misdemeanors. His sentence was more than seven years. (Trump walked away scot-free). Lauren feels bad about it, and Hanna Rosin visits his wife, Marie and after learning that he has five kids, that his wife is a sad, forgiving woman, and that they may well lose their house, then Hanna feels bad about it too.

Shadows of Utopia Episode 13 The Royal Crusade for Independence. This episode is only 1.5 hours long, and it comes three years (!!) after Lachlan Peters embarked on this project. It deals with the year 1953. By this time, the IndoChina was becoming known in France as the ‘Dirty War’. All sides- the French, the Nationalists, the Viet Minh were appallingly violent, and this violence was spreading across all three territories of Indochina. The narrative divides in half here: looking at the diverging paths of Saloth Sar (the future Pol Pot) and King Sihanouk. Saloth Sar returned to Cambodia, charged by the Communist students back in France with compiling a report about the different groups, and which group they should throw their weight behind. He wrote back to Paris saying that the Khmer Viet Minh was the only viable force, but that the Cambodians should work for independence from within the tent. He joined the Kymer Viet Minh, but found that despite the name, the group was dominated by the Vietnamese who looked down on them. Meanwhile, Sihanouk decided that he was going to get independence from the French for ‘his’ country, so he got involved with international diplomacy which was getting increasingly complex now that it was overlaid by Cold War diplomacy. In the end the French, who were domestically becoming increasingly uncomfortable with this ‘dirty war’, decided that they had to go along with Sihanouk’s proposal because of the Communist threat, so independence was declared in November 1953. But the Nationalists led by Than and his Kymer Srei and the Viet Minh did not accept Sihanouk’s takeover. So we had Sihanouk with French and US support against the Khner Viet Minh supported by Vietnam, China and Russia.

Global Roaming (ABC) I enjoy Global Roaming with Geraldine Doogue and Hamish Macdonald, two of my favourite ABC journalists. Maori vs the King: Who owns NZ? picks up on the large recent protests in New Zealand (involving both Maori and Pakeha) over the bill before their Parliament to rewrite the terms of the Treaty of Waitangi. Although there is little chance of this bill being passed, the fact that it even came before Parliament says a lot about the times we are living in. Features Taiha Molyneux, Māori News Editor Radio New Zealand .

Rear Vision (ABC) Treaty of Waitangi It might be flawed, it might be contested, and is continually being discussed and reconceptualized but I think that the attempts to ‘rewrite’ the Treaty itself are absolutely appalling. I suspect that NZ politicians were emboldened by our recent Voice referendum over the ditch. It’s interesting that two of the speakers in this episode have died so it really does take on a historical perspective. The speakers are Judith Binney, was Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Auckland. She died 15 February 2011, Claudia Orange is a historian and Director of History and Pacific Cultures at Te Papa, the national museum of New Zealand and Dr Ranginui Walker was a Māori academic and writer. He died 29 February 2016. I just had a look at the Waitangi Tribunal reports page: it’s telling that of the five ‘urgent’ reports issued there, four of them arise from this year.